The next section deals with operating expenses. These are expenses that go toward supporting a company’s operations for a given period – for example, salaries of administrative personnel and costs of researching new products. Marketing expenses are another example. Operating expenses are different from “costs of sales,” which were deducted above, because operating expenses cannot be linked directly to the production of the products or services being sold. Depreciation is also deducted from gross profit. Depreciation takes into account the wear and tear on some assets, such as machinery, tools and furniture, which are used over the long term. Companies spread the cost of these assets over the periods they are used. This process of spreading these costs is called depreciation or amortization. The “charge” for using these assets during the period is a fraction of the original cost of the assets. After all operating expenses are deducted from gross profit, you arrive at operating profit before interest and income tax expenses. This is often called “income from operations.” Next companies must account for interest income and interest expense. Interest income is the money companies make from keeping their cash in interest-bearing savings accounts, money market funds and the like. On the other hand, interest expense is the money companies paid in interest for money they borrow. Some income statements show interest income and interest expense separately. Some income statements combine the two numbers. The interest income and expense are then added or subtracted from the operating profits to arrive at operating profit before income tax. Finally, income tax is deducted and you arrive at the bottom line: net profit or net losses. (Net profit is also called net income or net earnings.) This tells you how much the company actually earned or lost during the accounting period. Did the company make a profit or did it lose money? Earnings Per Share or EPSMost income statements include a calculation of earnings per share or EPS. This calculation tells you how much money shareholders would receive for each share of stock they own if the company distributed all of its net income for the period. To calculate EPS, you take the total net income and divide it by the number of outstanding shares of the company. Cash Flow StatementsCash flow statements report a company’s inflows and outflows of cash. This is important because a company needs to have enough cash on hand to pay its expenses and purchase assets. While an income statement can tell you whether a company made a profit, a cash flow statement can tell you whether the company generated cash. A cash flow statement shows changes over time rather than absolute dollar amounts at a point in time. It uses and reorders the information from a company’s balance sheet and income statement. The bottom line of the cash flow statement shows the net increase or decrease in cash for the period. Generally, cash flow statements are divided into three main parts. Each part reviews the cash flow from one of three types of activities: (1) operating activities; (2) investing activities; and (3) financing activities. Operating ActivitiesThe first part of a cash flow statement analyzes a company’s cash flow from net income or losses. For most companies, this section of the cash flow statement reconciles the net income (as shown on the income statement) to the actual cash the company received from or used in its operating activities. To do this, it deducts from net income any non-cash items (such as depreciation expenses) and any cash that was used or provided by other operating assets and liabilities. Investing ActivitiesThe second part of a cash flow statement shows the cash flow from all investing activities, which generally include purchases or sales of long-term assets, such as property, plant and equipment, as well as investment securities. If a company buys a piece of machinery, the cash flow statement would reflect this activity as a cash outflow from investing activities because it used cash. If the company decided to sell off some investments from an investment portfolio, the proceeds from the sales would show up as a cash inflow from investing activities because it provided cash. Financing ActivitiesThe third part of a cash flow statement shows the cash flow from all financing activities. Typical sources of cash flow include cash raised by selling stocks and bonds or borrowing from banks. Likewise, paying back a bank loan would show up as a use of cash flow. Read the Footnotes
|
The GAFM ® Global Financial Management Board is the 1st Graduate Certification Body to Become Accredited and Certified for: ISO 9001 Quality and ISO 29990 Training in the World. GAFM ® owns the former AAFM ® Certifications and Programs
|
Certified Financial Analyst and Chartered Financial Planner is a registered Trademark USA
Home Certifications Board Recognition About Requirements Providers Benefits Qualifying Degrees Global Advisors Accreditations Mission Ethics News Contact Apply AFAPPC GetCertifiedPPC CEO Message Chartered Wealth Manager News How To Use Stock Markets Training Calendar FINRA Application Reg. Payments About Old Events CWM Training Program UBT University Business Technology Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia - Certification Training Programs 2017 - University Business & Technology Chartered Certified Economist Certified Financial Analyst FINRA SEC Chartered Wealth Manager Training Indonesia Malaysia Guides Informa GAFM Guides TUV Accreditation Jamaica Membership Governmental Recognition Links Handbook mfm Financial Planner Program Chartered Economist CCO Higher Institute IP List Become Provider Management Consulting Jobs CWM Chartered Wealth Manager Terms Financial Analyst Certification Copy of Certification Economics Certification Economics Degrees Management Degrees Finance Degrees AACSB Accounting Degrees Exams Renew Certification Awards Sample Honor Society Trademarks Careers Complaint Site Map Mentz George Mentz Lawyer Mentz George Colorado USA Speaker Consultant AFA ® Accredited Financial Analyst Certification CTEP ® Trust and Estate Certification CIPM ® Certified International Project Manager CWM ® Chartered Wealth Manager ® AMA ® Management Accountant Certification AMC ® Management Consulting Certification MMC ® Management Consulting Certification Book
FINRA Certified Financial Analyst